To
understand how carbon credits are created it is important to first understand
the framework in which they exist and why emissions trading developed. Carbon credits are one tenet within a
voluntary pledge made by over 180 countries and multitudes of corporations and
individuals to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Coal, natural gas and oil are fossil fuels, and burning these releases GHGs. These gasses include: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and hydro-fluorocarbons. When GHGs are released into the environment they enhance the atmosphere’s ability to trap infrared energy, which may directly impact our climate.
Coal, natural gas and oil are fossil fuels, and burning these releases GHGs. These gasses include: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and hydro-fluorocarbons. When GHGs are released into the environment they enhance the atmosphere’s ability to trap infrared energy, which may directly impact our climate.
The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sounded the alarm that GHGs were
reaching dangerous levels and should be moderated for the health, and
ultimately the habitability, of our planet.
In response, a
diplomatic core came together in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and determined that
greenhouse gasses should be reduced to 6 to 8 percent below 1990 levels and
developed a reduction plan known as the Kyoto Protocol.
The creators of
the Kyoto Protocol recognized some of the pledging countries would meet and
exceed their GHG reduction goals, while others would struggle. They built
flexibility into the plan, allowing countries to create excess GHG reductions
and sell them to countries not meeting goals. For trading purposes, one carbon
credit is equal to one metric ton of GHG reductions.
These credits had
to be measured, certified and brokered, and offset providers were developed to
do just that. Hundreds of providers exist throughout the world, and they are
regulated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
and the Financial Industry Regulating Authority (FINRA).
Buying carbon
credits is easy. Anyone with a debit card who wants to reduce his carbon
footprint may buy credits online.
Offset providers
expanded membership beyond countries to include corporations and individuals. Like
countries, these provider members make a pledge to GHG reduction and are
eligible to create and sell carbon credits.
Several types of
programs are eligible to receive carbon credits. Examples include: planting
trees; disposing of waste organically; capturing and converting methane gasses
produced by landfills, coal mines and agriculture.
The owner of the
project submits it to an offset provider to determine eligibility. If eligible,
the owner contracts with an accredited verifier. That person confirms and
measures the GHG reduction, and submits a report to the offset provider and
FINRA.
If approved, the
provider issues carbon credits to the project owner. They are serialized
documents which may be sold only once and then are canceled.
Carbon credits are
big business. After the project owner receives carbon credits, she may sell
them at the prevailing market rate, which ranges from $1 to $30. By the end of
2009, hundreds of billions of carbon credits had been issued and sold on the
open market.
Related Post: Carbon Credits for Green Technology
Related Post: Carbon Credits for Green Technology
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